TOEIC+training

Here is a copy of the trainee booklet **
 * 8 October 2009

Vocabulary from today's test

**
 * Here is the conversion grid for tests 1-5

Here is some vocabulary from this weeks test.** Vocabulary for Test 1 (1 October 2009)
 * 1 October 2009
 * Some difficulties from today's test:**

102. Note the difference between 'Although' and 'Because'

Because establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between the clauses Although means: despite the fact that; in spite of the fact that
 * Because** the manager's suggestions were reasonable, the supervisor agreed with them.
 * Although** he arrived on time, the train had left the station

145. Take care over adjectives as in: The **attaching** brochure describes the tours that are available - should be **attached**


 * September 2009**

Vocabulary for Test 1 (Sept 2009)

=Above this line Academic year 2009-2010 Above this line Academic year 2009-2010=

Here are some of the questions that came up at today's TOEIC classes.
 * 6 November 2008**

Problems with common verb structures : 115) The supervisor had Ms Balla **write** her job responsibilities: to have someone DO something 116) Mr Camelio promises **to correct** the error right away: to promise TO DO something 119) The travel agent persuaded us **to take** an evening flight: to persuade someone TO DO something 122) The manager suggested **organising** a research team: to suggest DOING something

107) Sometimes there is confusion over certain words. In this question the problem was between TO INCREASE and TO RAISE to increase means that there will be more of something, so in this question this was the correct answer: The newspaper expects circulation TO INCREASE next year. to raise means to move something in an upward direction however it can also be used when we talk about an increase in salary John asked his boss for A RAISE

113) A **telephone directory** is a book where one finds people's telephone numbers.

118) Publishing is a job: Bridget Jones works in **publishing** and sometimes has to meet with authors. Publicity is 120) **to bring in a product** implies that the product is faulty and it needs repairing.
 * 1. || extensive mention in the news media or by word of mouth or other means of communication. ||
 * 2. || public notice so gained. ||
 * 3. || the measures, process, or business of securing public notice. ||
 * 4. || information, articles, or advertisements issued to secure public notice or attention. ||
 * 5. || the state of being public, or open to general observation or knowledge. ||

124) remember that when you see '**more**' think comparative: more.....than

128) a comparason of two thinks which are 1) the same 2) propotional is introduced by **as ..... as**
 * 1) This memo is **as confusing as** the previous one.
 * 2) This cake is **twice as big as** the one we ate last week.

131) Caused some problems as people didn't understand SUN DECK. A DECK is a floor on a ship so the sun deck is the deck at the top of a ship so you say: on the sun deck

132) Take care over words that are often confused: to advise to rise to lay || the effect the advice to raise to lie ||
 * to affect

139) My cousin was very SURPRISED when he got the job. So what is the difference between SURPRISING and SURPRISED? When you feel the emotion you

142) Good salesperson always meets .... is WRONG because salesperson is a singular and therefore we would say **a good salesperson** a plural is preceeded by the adjective alone: **good salespeople** are difficult to find.

146) When several verbs depend on the same subject they all have to be in the same form. The company expects sales **to decrease** during the summer and **to increase** again in the fall.

156) The sentence is just not logical!!!! (I hate this type of question) but be aware that the problem could be just one of IT NOT MAKING SENSE.

198) Which of the following vacation periods requires a supervisor's approval? Answer: one month. In the memo they say **periods longer than one week**, one week is NOT longer than one week!!!!

31.11 Advanced (Conditions and Unreal Past)
Other types (apart from the three main types):

(1) CAUSE AND EFFECT: tenses parallel.

Oil floats if you pour it on water. You were a fool if you went out without a hat on.

(2) A DOUBTFUL view of Conditional TYPE 1 is emphasized by the use of should; the inverted forms are the more literary. Should he refuse you, refer him to me. `If I should die, think only this of me ' (Rupert Brooke)

(3) In POLITE FORMSwhere the consent of another person is sought, will and would are found after if. -If you will wait a moment I'll fetch a chair. I should be very grateful if you would do that for me.

(4) GREATER IMPROBABILITY in CONDITIONAL TYPES (I) and (2) is achieved by using were to after if, and should, would could, or might in the principal clause. If you were to come tomorrow, I might have time to see you.

This construction must not be confused with the other use of is to obligation, `must'. Compare: If he was to return at 7 o'clock, why didn't he? If he were to return at 7 o'clock, he could take me out.

Conditional conjunctions: if, unless, as if, if only, supposing, suppose, provided, providing, as long as.
Complete the following sentences: 1 It would be a good idea if. . . 2 He wouldn't treat you unkindly provided. . 3 The potatoes wouldn't have been burnt if. . . 4 If you were to come tomorrow,. . . 5 If the sun didn't shine. .. 6 You would never have caught that cold if. .. 7 I'd go and see him if. . . 8 We won't forget what we have learnt unless. . . 9 I shall always like you unless. . . 10 He wouldn't have begun to learn English if. . . 11 If only you knew what I know, you. . . 12 If I'd known she wasn't coming,. . . 13 I should never have known if. . . 14 If you had got up earlier this morning,. . 15 You can walk where you like, provided you. . . 16 If he should arrive late, you. . 17 I'll go and call her if you will. . . 18 If you would only suggest it to him,. . . 19 You won't make any further progress as long as ... 20 If the spaces between `Romeo' and `and', and `and' and `Juliet' were wider, the book-cover... 21 He was walking about as if... 22 I would have married him if only... 23 He won't tell you anything else unless... 24 If they were to send us plenty of sugar and fruit, we ... 25 I don't know if he (come), but if he does,...

FINAL NOTES ON CONDITIONS
The inverted forms, Had 1 seen you earlier. . . are less frequently found in modern spoken English than in classical written style. They should, however, be understood by more advanced students, who will meet them often enough as they extend their reading in literature. A useful way to practise this inverted pattern is to read each of the sentences of Exercise 31.4 as a 'rxPE (3) condition, first in the if form, then in the inverted form. Here is No. 1 done in this way:

He would have come if you had waited. He would have come, had you waited: or Had you waited, he would have come.

It is better style if the inverted clause comes first.

What are traditionally called CONITIONAL CLAUSES are adverbial clauses beginning with if or with conjunctions having similar meaning, like unless. We can divide such clauses into five groups - a neutral type, three BASIC TYPES, and a mixed group -- according to the sequence of tenses that they attract. In every group, the conditional clause can come before or after the main clause.
 * 2.42

NEUTRAL TYPE: SAMAE TENSE IN BOTH CLAUSES 94 If the wind blows from the north, this room is very cold.

95 If the wind blew from the north, we moved into the other room. In those two examples, the if-clause could be replaced by sometimes, and if itself could there be replaced by when. But when could not replace if in

96 If you never have a cold, you're very lucky, where the if clause could be replaced by in that case.

TYPE I : PRESENT TENSE In the IF-CLAUSE, WILL Or IMPERATIVE IN THE MAIN In this type, what is said in the main clause is CONTINGENT, ie dependent, on something that may not happen, though this `something' is assumed by the speaker to be a real possibility:

97 If you park your car there, a) lock it and leave the key here, b) the police will take it away.

98 I will let you have your book back on Monday, if I have finished it by then.

Can, like may and must, is acceptable in the if clause when will is not:

99 Park your car under a tree, if you can find a space. Should can occur in the if clause, as in '

100 If you should be interested, I will send you a copy of my book. please let me know.

The effect of should in such a case is to suggest that the `something that may happen' is itself dependent on chance or some other unpredictable factor. [100] can be re-worded thus:

l00a Should you be interested, I will send you a copy etc. please let me know.

The idea of dependence on chance or on someone else's wishes can be emphasised by stressing should in [100] and [l00a]. A conditional clause, type 1, can be seen in both [101] and [102]: 101 Drop that, and I'll kill you. 102 Drop that, or I'll kill you.

which can be re-worded

l0la If you drop that I'll kill you. 102a If you don't drop that

TYPE 2: PAST IN THE IF-CLAUSE, WOULD IN THE MAIN

Here, what is said in the main clause is an imaginary consequence of a PRESENT NON-FACT (2.16, 2.37, Note iv). The if clause states the non-fact and its verb is accordingly in the past tense. The sequence of tenses is the same as in [79] :

103 If you parked your car there (now), they would tow it away. we could keep an eye on it.

Were is commonly used, even with lst and 3rd person singular subjects, to emphasise non-fact (2. I 6). Thus :

104 If I were you, I would keep quiet. 105 If John were here now (but he isn't), we could play tennis.

As in [l00a], the operator can begin the subordinate clause:

106 Were Î in your place, I would be very worried, though this construction would be less typical of plain English than If I were in your place, etc. Note also : If it wasn't 107 If it weren't for the fact that X is 20 miles away, I would walk Were it not there. Were it not could begin the clause, but Was, Wasn't or Weren't, could not. Regard Were it not as formal. TYPE 3: PAST PERFECT IN THE IF-CLAUSE, WOULD+PERFECT IN THE MAIN

What is said in the main clause is now seen as an imaginary consequence of PAST NON-FACT - something that did not happen, and the past tense in [103] becomes the past perfect (2.12).

108 If you had parked your car there (but you didn't),

they would have towed it away. we could have kept an eye on it.

Again, the operator can begin the subordinate clause in formal style :

109 Had you informed us earlier, we would have taken the necessary steps.

110 Had we not been delayed, the accident would never have happened. Had. . . not is not contractable to Hadn't in this construction.

MIXED GROUP, USING ANY OTHER SEQUENCE OF TENSES AND ASPECTS

Four of the commonest combinations are:

a If clause with will, replaceable by 'll, not shall, with 2nd or 3rd person subject, and containing a suggestion of willingness :

111 If you will write me a letter about it, I will attend to it at once. Would could be used in the if clause, with will or would in the main, to produce a more hesitant or a politer effect : 112 If you would write me a letter. ., I will attend to it. . . . 113 If you would write me a letter. . ., I would be most grateful. The construction in [113] is frequently used in business or offcial correspondence, where should is generally preferred with I or we, if only to prevent a repetition of would.

b If-clause with will, 'll or would, with no suggestion of willingness:

114 I could J lend you five pounds, if that would help can will.

This is an exception to the rule followed by Type 1. It can be seen as

meaning either I could lend you five pounds. would that help? or can will

My loan depends on whether, at some time in the future, a loan will help'.

C Past tense in the if clause, not referring to present non-fact, as in Type 2, but assuming actual fact in the past :

where is it now? 115 If you parked your car there (then), you were very foolish. the police would have removed it.

D Were to+INFINI'TIVE in the if clause making a supposition about the future:

116 If you were to touch that wire, you would be killed instantly.

As in [106], were could begin the clause in formal and rather old-fashioned style:

117 Were this enterprise to fail, it would be a disaster for us all. Was could replace were in [ 116] (in informal style) with 1st and 3rd person singular subjects, but not in [117].**

Common structures sheet 1

make someone do something ask someone to do something be bored doing something be impossible to do something blackmail someone into doing something condemn someone for doing something ...........................................................He was condemned to death for stealing some bread congratulate someone on doing something Despite doing something expect someone to do something finish doing something get someone to do something for someone Had someone done something, someone/something would have done ............Had I known earlier I would have come hate doing something have something done hear someone doing something hear something being done Help someone do something Help someone to do something How about doing something I wish I could I wish I could have I wish I had I wish you were If I did something, someone would do something If I do something, something/someone will do something If I had done something, I would have done something It's high time someone did something It's high time something was done Let's do something like doing something like someone to do something listen to someone doing something look forward to doing something Must do something Promise (someone) to do something remember doing something remember doing something remember to do something remind someone to do something remind someone to do something Require someone to do something say something see something being done Someone needn't do something Something must be done start doing something Suggest (that) someone do something tell someone something Used to do something want someone to do something What about doing something Why not do something

Phrasal verbs


 * Common Count and Non-count Nouns**

Common Count and Non-count Nouns Non count ...............................Count cash ..............................Dimes, nickels, pennies, dollar bills furniture ........................Chairs, tables, desks, lamps weather .........................One storm, two storms… rain ................................One shower, two showers… sunshine .......................One ray of sunshine, two rays of sunshine fruit ................................On apple, two apples… Coffee/tea ..................... One cup, two cups… efficiency Progress .......................................One fish, two fish ....................................... One child, two children ....................................... One foot, two feet .......................................One tooth, two teeth Information .....................A piece of … Advice ............................A piece of … Confidence


 * TEST 4 reading**

105 Mr Mura depends on his assistant for advice

To depend on someone TO DO something To depend on someone for something TO BE DONE To depend on someone for something (this is a noun)

In the question the last option was the answer, you needed the noun

Advice – noun To advise – verb

111 The head of operations is going to the management convention.

Take care over sentences like this where you have the impression that the subject is plural due to the plural ‘s’ on the last part of the noun phrase. The subject is however singular the head. So you need is going rather than are going

115 The supervisor had Ms Balla write her job responsibilities

To have someone DO something

116 Mr Camelio promises to correct the error right away.

To promise to do something

117 Although it was late, Ms Glaser stayed to finish her work.

This clause is a contrast therefore we use although. There is no cause in this sentence so you cannot use since as a synonym for because.

122 The manager suggested organising a research team. To suggest doing something But To suggest someone do something To suggest something be done

128 This memo is as confusing as the previous one.

‘Confusing’ so I am confused, I don’t understand

132 What effect will the delay have on the contract?

Take care over the form and spelling of words which are similar

The effect – noun To affect – verb The product – noun To produce – verb

He sat comfort in his chair. (this of course is wrong!) TOEIC often do this sort of thing, they put the correct word but in the wrong form, of course the correct answer is: He sat comfortably in his chair.

142 good salesperson always meets the needs of the customer

Salesperson is singular so we say ‘a salesperson’ therefore we need to say ‘a good salesperson’

144 New employees twice a week are required to attend company training sessions.

The problem in this sentence is not the form but the place of the adverb in the sentence. Adverbs of this kind usually come at the beginning or end of the sentence.

155 Mr Kent would hire another manager if the company allows it Mr Kent would hire another manager if the company allowed it

When there is an if in the sentence, beware, think about the **conditional sequences**.

0 If I am late My dad takes me to the station Present Present 1 If I am late My dad will take me to the station present Will + verb word 2 If I (was) were late My dad would take me to the station Past simple Would have + past participle 3 If I had been late My dad would have taken me to the station Past perfect Would have + past participle

I**n the listening section look out for words which have similar sounds** bank/sank loan/phone


 * Words which are the same but have different meanings**:

The people are waiting for the train The bride’s train was very long

Where were you waiting? I weigh the same as you.

Where is the software manuel? The pullover is soft/ he’s a man you know well

What caused the forest fire? We fired the receptionist yesterday

May ist down? The cushion is filled with down

The trash/the garbage